A Ultra Fan Guide to: Kurosawa Akira

par Old_Anime_Lady & betun, septembre 14, 2021

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For my generation, you cannot talk about Japanese films without mentioning Kurosawa Akira and the awesome films he produced and directed. I have been watching Kurosawa films for most of my adult life and I agree he was a very influential director. Many of the U.S. westerns borrowed plot lines and visuals from him. Star Wars was hugely influenced by Kurosawa's techniques and storytelling.

Most great artists have tortured souls and Kurosawa was no exception. I will try my best to summarize his awesome life in this fan guide but please make sure to check out my sources that go into a lot more detail than what I can do in this small space.

Name: Kurosawa Akira
Kanji Name(s): 黒澤明 or 黒沢明 or 黑澤明
Hiragana Name:くろさわあきら

Birth: March 23, 1910 (Meiji 43)
Death: September 6, 1998 (Heisei 10)
Jobs: Director and Screenwriter

^Image^{: Akira Kurosawa at age three, in his early 20s, and his late 20s}

Childhood

Akira Kurosawa was born on the 23rd of March 1910 (Meiji 43) in Oimachi in the Omori district of Tokyo. His father Isamu Kurosawa, from a Samurai clan in Akita, worked as the director of the Army’s Physical Education Institute’s lower secondary school, while his mother Shima came from a merchant family living in Osaka. Akira was the eighth and youngest child of the moderately wealthy family, with the oldest two already grown up and one has died, leaving Kurosawa to grow up with three sisters and one brother.

Akira's father promoted exercise, so Akira was the captain of his school’s kendo club. Isamu was open to western traditions and saw theatre and motion pictures as educationally valuable, encouraging his children to watch films. Another strong influence on young Akira was his elementary school teacher Mr. Tachikawa, whose progressive educational practices ignited in his young pupil first his love of drawing and then an interest in education in general. This is also when he learned calligraphy.

Another major childhood influence was Heigo Kurosawa, Akira's older brother by four years. In the aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, which devastated Tokyo, Heigo took the 13-year-old Akira to view the devastation. When the younger brother wanted to look away from the human corpses and animal carcasses scattered everywhere, Heigo forbade him to do so, encouraging Akira instead to face his fears by confronting them directly. Some commentators have suggested that this incident would influence Kurosawa's later artistic career, as the director was seldom hesitant to confront unpleasant truths in his work. (wikipedia)

He later moved in with his older brother, who had failed the exams to get into one of Tokyo's top schools. Akira had dreams to become a painter, but could not sell any of his paintings, got discouraged and gave up his pursuit of that career path. Heigo was a silent film narrator (Benshi) at the time and was starting to make a name for himself and the two were inseparable. In the 1930s when talking movies came out and Heigo began to lose work, Akira moved back home and, in 1933, Heigo committed suicide and his eldest brother died within a span of four months, leaving Akira the only brother with 3 surviving sisters.

During production of The Most Beautiful, the actress playing the leader of the factory workers, Yaguchi Yoko, was chosen by her colleagues to present their demands to the director. She and Kurosawa were constantly at loggerheads, and it was through these arguments that the two, paradoxically, became close. They married on May 21, 1945, with Yaguchi two months pregnant (she never resumed her acting career), and the couple would remain together until her death in 1985. They had two children, both surviving Kurosawa as of 2018: a son, Hisao, born December 20, 1945, who served as producer on some of his father's last projects, and Kazuko, a daughter, born April 29, 1954, who became a costume designer. (Wikipedia)

Directing

In 1935 Kurosawa answered an ad in the paper for Photo Chemical Laboratories (PCL), which would later become Japan’s leading studio - Toho - advertising that they were looking for new assistant directors. While Akira had no strong interest in the film industry, he still filled out the essay on the deficiencies of Japanese films. His half-mocking essay earned him a callback, and while his results were not on par with the other second-rounders, one director Yamamoto Kajiro was intrigued. In February 1936, Kurosawa started working for PCL. Most of us are familiar with the movies he directed so I will only list below the movies where he had a different Job.

THIRD ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

CHIEF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

He received a promotion after Enoken's Kinta Part 2 and the following movies he gets the billing of Chief assistant Director

Most of the pre-war movies have been lost and we cannot view them today, but their existence is proven in logs and record books.

In 1943, Kurosawa was promoted to director and he had his directorial debut with Sanshiro Sugata. The film is based on the novel by the same name by author Tomita Tsueno. The film follows a man named Sanshiro who travels to the city to learn jujitsu. Whilst there, he witnesses a man doing a different form of self-defense - judo - and begins to focus on it.

The film is seen as an early example of Kurosawa's immediate grasp of the film-making process, and includes many of his directorial trademarks, such as the use of wipes, weather patterns as reflections of character moods, and abruptly changing camera speeds. [Wikipedia]

The film became influential at the time of release and has been remade five times over the course of the years. Kurosawa also went on to direct a sequel, Sanshiro Sugata Part II.

Besides being a director he was a screenwriter, producer, editor, and even song lyricist involving himself in many of the processes of filmmaking. During his early directing days he did not make enough money to support his new family so he supplemented his income by doing screenplays. Dohyo Matsuri and The Admirable Ishin Tasuke are two of his earliest ones after the war.
During the Toho dispute, he left Toho and created another production company to be contacted by other film companies. The Film Art Association (Eiga Geijutsu Kyōkai) was formed in 1948 with producer Motoroki Sojiro, and fellow directors Yamamoto Kajiro, Naruse Mikio, and Taniguchi Senkichi. By 1952 and the filming of Ikiru he is back with Toho studios, this time with international fame from Rashomon. His films became bigger productions that became more and more costly so Toho executives convinced him to bank role with some of his own money going in 50-50 with Toho. This was the beginning of "Kurosawa Production" of which Toho was the biggest shareholder on April 1st, 1959 whose offices were at Toho headquarters. After the Tora!Tora!Tora! dispute Kurosawa would never work with Mifune or screenwriter Kikushima Ryuzo ever again. Kurosawa Production had a top officer resign and it was a dark time for Kurosawa. His friends, Kobayashi Masaki, Kinoshita Keisuke, and Ichikawa Kon came together and put together yet another production company this time named "Yonki no Kai production" (Club of Four Knights) in July 1969.

^{"All the films that I made with Mifune, without him, they would not exist." - Akira Kurosawa}

Chambara (sword fighting) - a subgenre of Jidaigeki (period or Era) - movies were banned for seven years by the Americans after the war. Mifune's first movie with Kurosawa in 1948 was Drunken Angel, then Stray Dog 1949 and, when the ban was lifted, Kurosawa was ready in 1950 with Rashomon. Together, they went on to make 16 (IMDB List) movies together before parting ways after the fiasco with Red Beard.

During the time he was making Red Beard, Mifune could not take any other jobs because he was required to grow out an actual beard, and it hit him financially. So, as soon as it was finished, he took any job that came up and Kurosawa took this as defection. He stated he would never cast someone who was in a show like Shogun (1980) and cast a different lead when he was suggested for Ran.

Kurosawa presented Mifune with the Kawashita Award which he had won two years before. They finally made a move towards reconciliation in 1993 at the funeral of their friend Ishiro Honda. After making eye contact, they tearfully embraced one another, ending nearly three decades of mutual avoidance.

Tora! Tora! Tora! and the beginning of the Kurosawa blue period.

Language barriers caused most of the issues that created this huge fiasco between Kurosawa Productions and 20th Century Fox. The Middle man, Tetsuro Aoyagi, negotiated everything and approved all the contracts. Kurosawa trusted him and he delivered the wrong information to both sides. Kurosawa believing he played a bigger role in the production of the movie than he actually did. Clashes over the script started almost day one.

In 2002, Tasogawa visited the 89-year-old Elmo Williams in Oregon. Williams, then retired, acknowledged that he had made a mistake in choosing Kurosawa, although the choice seemed excellent at the time because the senior American executives and Williams respected Kurosawa as a fellow movie maker. Williams liked Kurosawa as a sensitive man but felt that Kurosawa never opened his heart to him. He understood that Kurosawa’s explosive temper, which poisoned the working environment, reflected his acute anxiety and the pressure he felt to produce a great movie. Kurosawa once said “Tora! Tora! Tora!” would be a record of neither victory nor defeat but a record of mutual misunderstanding and miscalculation and the waste of excellent human capabilities and energy. Tasogawa’s account of the production of this movie is exactly that. - Japansociety UK

After this Kurosawa had trouble securing funding for his films, while he had released a few more films they did not reach the same success his previous works had done. A fan of his work would come to his rescue, George Lucas. Star Wars had borrowed elements from The Hidden Fortress and was a major success. Lucas used the sequel as leverage to get funding for Kurosawa's Kagemusha. After much hardships and a delayed-release date, this would mark Kurosawa's come back more than double the amount of money spent to produce it.

His next work was Ran, which did mediocre domestically but was a success abroad in Europe and America. His next project was Dreams. He wrote the script entirely himself and was based on his own dreams. His son, Hisao, who had helped with his last previous movies was in principal production, and his daughter, Kazuko worked in wardrobe. He still was having trouble getting funding from Japanese companies for this project so he once again turned to international investors and reached Steven Spielberg who saw value in the project.

Kurosawa's honorary Academy Award
Kurosawa, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg at the 1990 Academy Awards

Madadayo was his last directed film because in 1995 he slipped t home and injured his spine. This injury caused him to be confined to a wheelchair for the rest of his days. In 1998, after many years of his body slowly failing, he passed away of a stroke.

Awards

_{The original chart is taken from Wikipedia and modified}

Year of Award or Honor (if known)	Name of Award or Honor	Awarding Organization (if known)	Country of Origin	Given for…	Film Title (if applicable)
1943	Sadao Yamanaka Prize	(NK)	Japan	Film	Sanshiro Sugata (1943)
1943	The National Incentive Film Prize [Shared with Torii Kyouemon]	(NK)	Japan	Film	Sanshiro Sugata (1943)
1948	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun (newspaper)	Japan	Directing	One Wonderful Sunday (1947)
1949	Kinema Jumpo Award (Critics' Award)	Kinema Jumpo magazine	Japan	Film	*Drunken Angel* (1948)
1949	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film	*Drunken Angel* (1948)
(NK)	Geijutsusai (Arts Festival) Grand Prize	Ministry of Education	Japan	Film	*Stray Dog* (1949)
1951	Blue Ribbon Award	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Screenplay (with Shinobu Hashimoto)	Rashomon (1950)
	Golden Lion (First prize)	Venice Film Festival	Italy	Film
	NBR Award	National Board of Review	USA	Film, Directing
1952	Honorary Award - Outstanding Foreign Language Film	AMPAS (Academy Award)	USA	Film
1953	Kinema Jumpo Award	Kinema Jumpo magazine	Japan	Film	Ikiru (1952)
1953	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film, Screenplay (with Shinobu Hashimoto and Hideo Oguni)
(NK)	Arts Festival	Ministry of Education	Japan	Film
1954	Special Prize of the Senate of Berlin	Berlin Film Festival	Germany	Film
1954	Silver Lion of St. Mark (Second Prize)	Venice Film Festival	Italy	Film	Seven Samurai (1954)
1959	Diploma of Merit	Jussi Award	Finland	Directing	Seven Samurai (1954)
	Blue Ribbon Award	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Film	The Hidden Fortress (1958)
	Silver Berlin Bear	Berlin Film Festival	Germany	Directing
	FIPRESCI Prize	The International Federation of Film Critics (Berlin Film Festival)	Germany	Film
1961	Golden Laurel Award	David O. Selznick	USA	Film	*Ikiru* (1952)
1964	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film, Screenplay (with Ryuzo Kikushima, Eijiro Hisaita and Hideo Oguni)	High and Low (1963)
1964	Golden Laurel Award	David O. Selznick	USA	Film	High and Low (1963)
1965	Asahi Culture Prize	Asahi Shimbun	Japan	Film	Red Beard (1965)
	Foreign Honorary Member	American Academy of Arts and Sciences	USA	Career
	Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts	Ramon Magsaysay Award	Philippines	Career
	OCIC Award	OCIC (later Signis) (Venice Film Festival)	Italy	Directing	Red Beard (1965)
(NK)	Soviet Filmmakers' Association Prize^[4]	Moscow Film Festival	USSR	Film
(NK)	Million Pearl Award	Tokyo Roei	Japan	Film
(NK)	NHK Award	NHK (broadcaster)	Japan	Film
1966	Blue Ribbon Award	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Film
	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film
	Kinema Jumpo Award	Kinema Jumpo magazine	Japan	Film Directing
(NK)	Geijutsusai (Arts Festival) Prize for Excellence	Ministry of Education	Japan	Film	Dodesukaden (aka, Dodeskaden) (1970)
1975	Golden Prize	9th Moscow International Film Festival	USSR	Film	Dersu Uzala (1975)
1975	FIPRESCI Prize	The International Federation of Film Critics (Moscow Film Festival)	USSR	Film	Dersu Uzala (1975)
1976	Best Foreign Language Film	AMPAS (Academy Awards)	USA	Film
1977	David	David di Donatello Awards	Italy	Directing
1977	Silver Ribbon	Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists	Italy	Film
1978	Prix Léon Moussinac	Syndicate of French Film Critics	France	Film
1978	Golden Halo	Southern California Motion Picture Council	USA	Film
1979	Honorary Prize	11th Moscow International Film Festival	USSR	Career	-
1980	Palme d'Or (First Prize)	Cannes Film Festival	France	Film	*Kagemusha* (1980)
1980	Hochi Film Award	Hochi Shimbun (newspaper)	Japan	Film
1981	Blue Ribbon Award	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Film
	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film, Directing
	Reader's Choice Award	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film
	César	César Awards	France	Film
	David	David di Donatello Awards	Italy	Directing
	BAFTA Film Award	BAFTA	UK	Directing
	Silver Ribbon	Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists	Italy	Directing
1982	Career Golden Lion	Venice Film Festival	Italy	Career	-
1985	LAFCA Award	Los Angeles Film Critics Association	USA	Film, Career	*Ran* (1985)
	NBR Award	National Board of Review	USA	Film, Directing
	OCIC Award	OCIC (later Signis) (San Sebastián Film Festival)	Spain	Film
	BSFC Award	Boston Society of Film Critics	USA	Film
	NYFCC Award	New York Film Critics Circle	USA	Film
1986	NSFC Award	National Society of Film Critics	USA	Film
	Amanda Award	Norwegian International Film Festival	Norway	Film
	Blue Ribbon Award	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Film
	Bodil	Bodil Awards	Denmark	Film
	David	David di Donatello Awards	Italy	Film
	Mainichi Film Concours	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Film, Directing
	Golden Jubilee Award	Directors Guild of America	USA	Career	-
	Akira Kurosawa Award	San Francisco International Film Festival	USA	Career	-
1987	BAFTA Film Award	BAFTA	UK	Film	*Ran* (1985)
1987	ALFS Award	London Film Critics' Circle	UK	Film, Directing	*Ran* (1985)
1989	Lifetime Achievement Award	AMPAS (Academy Awards)	USA	Career
1990	Special Prize	Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize	Japan	Career
1992	theatre/film	Praemium Imperiale	Japan	Career
1992	Lifetime Achievement Award	Directors Guild of America	USA	Career
1994	Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy	Inamori Foundation	Japan	Career
1998	Special Award (for his work) (P)	Nikkan Sports Film Award	Japan	Career	-
1999	Lifetime Achievement Award (P)	Awards of the Japanese Academy	Japan	Career	-
1999	Blue Ribbon Award Special Award (for his work) (P)	The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists	Japan	Career	-
1999	Mainichi Film Concours Special Award (for his work) (P)	Mainichi Shimbun	Japan	Career	-
1999	Asian of the Century Award (Arts, Literature and Culture) (P)	CNN AsianWeek (US)	USA	Career	-
2013	Jean Renoir Award	U.S. Writer's Association Award	USA

This hugely influential director left his mark on the history of filmmaking forever. His ideas and styles are still visible in today's movies, his stories are remade over and over again. I do not think this article does justice to his life so please be sure to check out my sources, some of which go into much more detail than I could go here.